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    <title>World Journal of Agricultural Research</title>
    <link>http://www.sciepub.com/journal/WJAR</link>
    <description>World Journal of Agricultural Research is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that provides rapid publication of articles in all areas of agriculture. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of agriculture.</description>
    <dc:publisher>Science and Education Publishing</dc:publisher>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:rights>2013 Science and Education Publishing Co. Ltd All rights reserved.</dc:rights>
		<prism:publicationName>World Journal of Agricultural Research</prism:publicationName>
		14
		1
		January 2026
		<prism:copyright>2013 Science and Education Publishing Co. Ltd All rights reserved.</prism:copyright>
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<title>
Incidence, Severity, and Economic Cost of Ganoderma Butt Rot of Oil Palm in Ghana
</title>
<link>http://pubs.sciepub.com/wjar/14/1/1</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[Ganoderma Butt Rot, an economic disease of the oil palm in south-east Asia and an emerging epidemic in Africa (West, East, and Central Africa), was uncovered in the Eastern Region of Ghana, in 2010. But knowledge gap, coupled with the absence of dedicated-GBR research, allowed the disease to spread steadily, killing infected palms, and endangering the oil palm industry in Ghana. GBR incidence, severity and spread in the Western, Central, and Eastern regions of Ghana, were surveyed quarterly for two consecutive years in selected-commercial oil palm plantations, and small-holder farms belonging to the staff of these commercial plantations. Using the systematic ‘row-by-row walk-through' field survey method, single-point disease assessments were done using Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) with a severity scale of 0 – 4. Results show that the disease incidence for now, is low and endemic in the Eastern Region of Ghana. GBR incidence increased from a low of 6 palms to a high of 29 palms, over the period. Average monthly disease incidence was 1.21 palms and percentage annual disease incidence was 2.90% (or 0.86%/ha/yr). The annual epidemic rate (r) of GBR incidence in Ghana was 0.05 (r=0.05). The putative epidemic threshold was 5.80% (1.72%/ha/yr); epidemic cost was GHC 2 229.86 ($ 202.71) equivalent of fresh fruit bunch loss per hectare per year (FFB/Ha/Yr); and GHC 3 262.73 ($ 296.61) equivalent of crude palm oil loss per hectare per year (CPO/Ha/Yr). Ganoderma butt rot epidemic is predicted in the Western Region, due to the high incidence of coconut-oil palm succession, lack of awareness of the pathogenicity of Ganoderma, and farmer behaviour. This study has arguably provided the first quantitative data (percentage incidence, epidemic rate, economic threshold level, and epidemic cost) on the epidemiology of GBR of oil palm in Ghana, empirical bases for collective advocacy to prevent the disease from assuming epidemic or economic injury proportions in Ghana.]]>
</description>
<dc:creator>
Danyo  Gilbert
</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:publisher>Science and Education Publishing</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>14</prism:volume>
<prism:startingPage>1</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>9</prism:endingPage>
<prism:doi>10.12691/wjar-14-1-1</prism:doi>
</item>
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<title>
Alginate - Biochar PGPR Beads: Preparation, Characterization, and Effect on Zea mays Growth
</title>
<link>http://pubs.sciepub.com/wjar/14/1/2</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[An experiment was conducted to examine the efficiency of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) encapsulated in sodium alginate (SA) with either oak biochar (OK-BC) or sawdust biochar (SD-BC) at concentrations of 0. 2.5 and 5% on the growth of <i>Zea mays</i>. The PGPR strain SK1, isolated from the rhizosphere of <i>Rhizophora mucronata</i>, exhibited the potential to produce indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, and solubilize phosphate. Based on 16S rDNA sequencing, strain SK1 was determined to be a member of the genus <i>Bacillus</i>. Characterization of the encapsulated beads revealed that the SA+SD-BC5%+SK1 formulation showed superior encapsulation efficiency, moisture retention, water absorption potential, and gradual release of SK1 cells compared to other treatments. Furthermore, the survivability of strain SK1 was remarkably increased in the SA+SD-BC5%+SK1 beads, maintaining viability after 80 days of storage even at room temperature. In pot experiments, <i>Z. mays </i>treated with SA+SD-BC5%+SK1 beads showed the greatest improvement in shoot length, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight relative to other treatments. Additionally, SA+SD-BC5%+SK1 beads improved the colonization of SK1 in the rhizosphere of <i>Z. mays</i>, which likely contributed to enhanced plant growth. In conclusion, the SA+SD-BC5%+SK1 formulation provided better survival and activity of PGPR compared to SA+SK1 beads alone, making it a promising and more effective carrier system for delivering beneficial microbes to the plant rhizosphere and thereby promoting plant growth.]]>
</description>
<dc:creator>
Mani  Rajkumar, Viswanathan  Subhadra Varshini, Ashok  Suma Archana, Krishnan  Sharmila
</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:publisher>Science and Education Publishing</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>14</prism:volume>
<prism:startingPage>10</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>17</prism:endingPage>
<prism:doi>10.12691/wjar-14-1-2</prism:doi>
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